Apollo Theatre National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form

Apollo Theatre National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form

A scanned nomination form from 1983 for the Apollo Theater to the National Park Service to be recognized as a registered Historic Place. This follows after the Apollo was forced to close in 1976 due to the degradation of the facility, lack of attendance due to mediascape changes and financial hardship.

Destinee Rouse

National Park Service, & Hesch, M., National Register of Historic Places Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York; National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, Records of the National Park Service, Record Group 79, National Archives at College Park - Electronic Records, College Park, MD. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75319263

NPS Form 10-900
(7-81)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
For NPS use only
National Register of Historic Places
received OCT - 4 1983
Inventory-Nomination Form
date entered
See instructions in How to Complete National Register Forms
Type all entries-complete applicable sections
1. Name
historic
Apollo Theater
and/or common
2. Location
street & number
253 West 125th Street
not for publication
city, town
New York
vicinity of
congressional district
state
New York code 36
county New York
code 061
3. Classification
Category
Ownership
Status
Present Use
district
public
X occupied
agriculture
museum
x building(s)
x private
unoccupied
commercial
park
structure
both
work in progress
educational
private residence
site
Public Acquisition
Accessible
X entertainment
religious
object
NA in process
X yes: restricted
government
scientific
NA being considered
yes: unrestricted
industrial
transportation
no
military
other:
4. Owner of Property
name
Inner City Broadcasting Corporation c/o Percy Sutton
802 Second Avenue
street & number
city, town
New York
vicinity of
state New York
5. Location of Legal Description
courthouse, registry of deeds, etc.
Surrogates Court / Hall of Records
street & number
31 Chambers Street
New York
city, town
state New York
6. Representation in Existing Surveys
Landmarks Preservation Commission
1/6/83
title
Urban Cultural Resources Surveys this property been determined eligible?
X yes
no
1983
X
date
federal
state
county
local
depository for survey records 20 Vesey Street
New York
New York 10007
city, town
state
7. Description
Condition
Check one
Check one
excellent
deteriorated
unaltered
X
original site
good
TOO
ruins
X altered
moved
date
NA
fair
unexposed
Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance
The Apollo Theater is located in the heart of Harlem on the north side
of 125th Street between 7th and 8th Avenues, a large and busy com-
mercial street containing a variety of 19th and 20th century build-
ings. The three-story building, measuring four bays wide on its
principal street facade, has been altered over the years but retains
most of its early 20th century character. Originally the building
contained a cafe and cabaret in the basement, a burlesque theater and
store on the main floor, a restaurant on the second floor, and loft
and meeting rooms on the third floor. Today the second and third
floors above the lobby are divided into small rooms and serve as
offices and storage space.
The south and principal facade is clad with white terra-cotta. The
first floor incorporates several remodeling campaigns and the addition
of a contemporary storefront with modern windows and doors. Above, the
original ashlar coursed white glazed terra-cotta embellished with a
denticulated cornice extends the width of the building. Five colossal
pilasters divide the upper facade into four bays. These pilasters on
the ends are panelled, with stylized Tuscan capitals. The three
central pilasters are fluted with Ionic capitals. A heavy modillioned
metal cornice is surmounted by three parapet-like pedestals placed
above the central pilasters.
The bays are filled with large square windows with terra-cotta
spandrels. The spandrels above the second story are decorated with
fluted heraldic panels bearing shields. Narrow spandrels above the
third story are decorated with Greek fretwork. The windows consist of
both paired double-hung sash and a single-pane pivot type with a single
transom
in the two upper eastern bays and three lower western
bays.
A heavy marquee above the entrance that bears the word "Apollo" on the
two sides, extends across half the building, covering the width of the
sidewalk. A large vertical two-sided sign also bearing the name
"Apollo" rises above and perpendicular to the building, supported by
metal framework. Both signs date from the 1940's.
The theater's original L-shape plan remains intact, retaining its
entry sequence through a vestibule and lobby and into the main
auditorium. The front portion of the building is divided into two
equal sections: the western half consisting of the vestibule and lobby
to the Apollo and the eastern half a separate store. The rear of the
structure consists of a three-tiered auditorium. The theater is
oriented on a perpendicular axis to the entrance with the stage at the
east wall of the building.
The lobby, separated from the street by a small vestibule, retains its
original volume and rectangular shape plan, although its finishes were
removed in the 1960's. A large mural portraying black artists who have
performed at the Apollo has been installed along the lobby walls
leading to the auditorium.
NPS Form 10-900-a
(7-81)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
For NPS use only
National Register of Historic Places
received
Inventory-Nomination Form
date entered
Apollo Theater
Continuation sheet 253 W. 125th St. N.Y. Item number 7
Page 2
The auditorium is rectangular in plan and three stories in height. The
floor of the orchestra is raked toward the stage, divided by two
center aisles. The rows of seating are tiered and placed on a curve to
provide for the best possible views. Monumental arches flank the
proscenium and frame two levels of double-tiered boxes. The
entablature and arches are decorated with classically inspired plaster
ornament, including foliation and circle motifs.
The Apollo is one of the few theaters remaining in New York City with
two balconies. The balconies, each reached by a separate set of
stairs, curve around the back of the auditorium. They are supported on
the orchestra level by fluted columns (stripped on the lower portions)
and on the first balcony level by square columns with simple molded
capitals. The balconies have brass handrails and the front panels
retain much original classically inspired plaster ornament, including
Greek fretwork, shields, wreaths, garlands, and rope moldings.
The interior of the Apollo Theater has retained much of its original
character despite several minor renovations from the 1930's-1970's.
These interior alterations include: replacement of the original
seating and carpeting, stripping of the ornamental plaster from the
lower boxes, and removal of the scagliola fluting from the columns
supporting the balcony on the orchestra level.
8. Significance
Period
Areas of Significance-Check and justify below
prehistoric
archeology-prehistoric
community planning
landscape architecture
religion
1400-1499
archeology-historic
conservation
law
science
1500-1599
agriculture
economics
literature
sculpture
1600-1699
X
architecture
education
military
social/
1700-1799
art
engineering
music
humanitarian
1800-1899
commerce
exploration/settlement
philosophy
X
theater
X
1900-
communications
industry
politics/government
transportation
invention
other (specify)
Specific dates 1913
Architect
George Keister
Statement of Significance (in one paragraph)
The Apollo Theater is historically and architecturally significant
for its role as one of New York City's and the nation's leading entertainment
centers for over four decades. Completed in 1914 as a burlesque house, it
later became the premier performance hall for black American performers
and a symbol of the movement to promote black cultural awareness in the
1930s. Its contribution as a nuturing force and a showcase of black talent
ranks it as one of this country's most significant cultural resources. The
Apollo's interior, with its classically inspired ornament, retains much
of its original character, providing associations with its history as
a theater.
During much of the nineteenth century, Harlem was a fashionable
suburb for wealthy and upper-middle class white Manhattan residents. At
the turn of the century, following the completion of subway routes, speculative
overbuilding of rowhouses and apartment buildings resulted in a real estate
bust in 1904. At this time, major black neighborhoods, (the west side,
streets 20s-60s), were experiencing redevelopment and the residents were
being displaced. The combination of available real estate in Harlem and
displacement from other neighborhoods made Harlem attractive to New York
City blacks, who began to move into Harlem around 1910.
This migration increased during the 1920s as blacks moved to Harlem
from the American south and the West Indies. During these years, Harlem
became the urban cultural capital of black America. The "center" of
Harlem was then considered to be around 135th Street, between Lenox
and Seventh Avenues. By the 1930s, as the black population moved southward,
125th Street, already a major shopping and entertainment throughfare,
became the "Main Street" of black Harlem.
Built as Hurtig and Seamon's New (Burlesque) Theater, the Apollo
originally catered to a primarily white clientele and presented the
popular entertainment of the day: burlesque. The New Theater was in
operation until 1934, when a crackdown on burlesque shows was undertaken
by Mayor La Guardia's administration. In 1935 Frank Schiffman and Leo
Brecher, two white businessmen, purchased the building and renamed it the
Apollo Theater. Under their direction, the theater presented a permanent
variety show format which featured leading black entertainers.
9. Major Bibliographical References
Apollo Theater. The Apollo Theater Story. New York: Apollo Operations, Inc.
1966.
Schiffman, Jack. Uptown: The Story of Harlem's Apollo Theater. New York:
Cowles Book Co., Inc., 1971.
Shockley, Jay. Apollo Theater-Designation Report. New York: Landmarks
10. Geographical Data
Preservation Commission, 1983.
Approximately 2/5 of an acre
Acreage of nominated property
Quadrangle name Central Park, N.Y. - N.J.
Quadrangle scale 1:24000
UT M References
A
B
18 5150
4517990
Zone
Easting
Northing
Zone
Easting
Northing
C
D
E
F
G
H
Verbal boundary description and justification
The boundary of the Apollo Theater, 253 West 125th Street, is shown
as the bold line on the accompanying plot map.
List all states and counties for properties overlapping state or county boundaries
NA
state
code
county
code
state
code
county
code
11. Form Prepared By
name/title Contact: Merrill Hesch
Historic Preservation
organization NYS Office of Parks, Recreation &
date
September 1983
street & number E.S.P. Agency Bldg. 1
telephone 518 474-0479
city or town
Albany
state New York 12238
12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification
The evaluated significance of this property within the state is:
X
national
state
local
As the designated State Historic Preservation Officer for the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-
665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion in
according to the criteria and procedures set forth by
State Historic Preservation Officer signature
aim National Service. and certify Relin that it has been evaluated
title
Commissioner
date
9-22-83
For NPS use only
I hereby certify that this property is included in the National Register
Pruce has Dangel
date
for
11/17/83
Keeper of the National Register
Attest:
date
Chief of Registration
GPO 894-785
OMB No. 1024-0018
NPS Form 10-900-a
Exp. 10-31-84
(3-82)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
For NPS use only
National Register of Historic Places
received
Inventory-Nomination Form
date entered
Apollo Theater
Continuation sheet 253 W. 125th St. ,
Item number
8
Page 2
New York, New York Co.
The Apollo became the center for Harlem's popular entertainment
and one of the nation's most important arenas for the display of
leading black performing talent for a period of four decades. "Harlem
recognized no popular entertainer until he or she had appeared or
excelled at the Apollo. Throughout its history, it displayed every
form of popular black entertainment, including comedy, drama, dance,
gospel, blues, jazz, swing, bebop, rhythm and blues, rock and roll
and soul music. In programing such a variety of black entertainers,
the Apollo's management contributed to the development of Harlem into
the major urban cultural and intellectural center for blacks in the
United States.
"The Apollo," according to former New York City Landmarks Preservation
Commission Chairman Kent L. Barwick, "is unparelleled in shaping both
the careers of major black performers and a variety of forms of American
entertainment. Nearly every black American performer has played the
Apollo, from blues singer Bessie Smith in the 1930s, to jazz great
Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington, to Dinah Washington,
Sam Cooke, and the Supremes, through soul singer Aretha Franklin and
James Brown in the 1970s. It is no wonder that the Apollo, aside from
having had an extraordinary impact on our culture, has become synonymous
with Harlem itself."
Designed by architect George Keister in the neoclassical style,
the Apollo retains much of its original character. The 1700-seat
theater auditorium features a proscenium arch with flanking boxes and
elaborate classically inspired plaster ornament. The Apollo is one of
the few theaters remaining in New York City with two balconies. The
Apollo's exterior, faced in white terra cotta, handsomely displays five
colossal pilasters capped by stylized Tuscan and Ionic capitals decorated
with anthemion motifs. Keister was one of the most prominent theater
architects in practice at the turn of the century. He worked throughout
the metropolitan area designing the Sewlyn and the Belasco Theaters in
Times Square, the Colonial Theater at 68th Street and Broadway, Loew's
Yorkville (demolished), and the Bronx's Opera House.
1. Jervis Anderson, This was Harlem; A. Cultural Portrait,
1900-1950 (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1982) p. 238.
2. "Landmark News" (New York City Landmarks Preservation
Commission), June 29, 1983.
OMB No. 1024-0018
NPS Form 10-900-a
Exp. 10-31-84
(3-82)
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
For NPS use only
National Register of Historic Places
received
Inventory-Nomination Form
date entered
Apollo Theater
Continuation sheet 253 W. 125th St.
Item number
8
Page 3
New York, New York Co.
The Apollo Theater's continuous tradition of live entertainment
since the 1910s (which featured leading black performers since the
1930s) came to an end in the mid-1970s. A number of factors are
usually cited for the Apollo's decline, including dwindling audiences,
higher ticket prices, the opening of other arenas to black patronage,
the decline of stage shows in the recording era, the ease with which
top-name black performers could earn more money elsewhere, and the
decline of 125th Street as a healthy commercial center. The building
has subsequently had a mixed history: as a movie theater with occasional
shows, a short-lived attempt to revive live entertainment without top
names, years of standing vacant, and the sale to the Harlem Urban
Development Corporation. The Apollo Theater remains, however, as a
building of great significance in the history of American culture,
representing the contribution of Harlem and black Americans to the
entertainment of New York City and the nation.
FHR-8-300 (11-78)
United States Department of the Interior
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
For HCRS use only
National Register of Historic Places
received
Inventory-Nomination Form
date entered
Apollo Theater
New York
Continuation sheet 253 W. 125th St., . N.Y. Co Item number 11
Page 2
Form Prepared By: Michael May, Graduate Research Assistant
Carol Clark, Associate Director
Elizabeth Igleheart, Reasearch Consultant
Organization: New York Landmarks Conservancy
330 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
Telephone: (212) 736- 7575
Date: August 19, 1983
Apollo Theater
253 West 125th St.
1929
PL
New York, New York Co., NY
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83004059
WASO Form 177
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
("R" June 1984)
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET
Apollo Theater
Substantive Review
New York County
OCT 4 1983
Working No.
NEW YORK
Fed. Reg. Date: 2/5/83
Date Due:
Action:
ACCEPT
11/3/83 11/17/83 - 11/18/83
resubmission
RETURN
nomination by person or local government
REJECT
owner objection
Federal Agency:
appeal
Substantive Review:
sample
request
appeal
NR decision
Reviewer's comments:
The Apollo Theater is significant for its historical
Recom./Criteria
Accept A
associations with the development of Harlem into the
Reviewer
nation's major black cultural and intellectual center.
Bushay
The statement of significance does not provide adequate
Discipline
Historian
Date
justification for architectural significance but mini-
11/17/83
see continuation sheet
mally established the exceptional importance of the theater
to American history.
Nomination returned for:
technical corrections cited below
substantive reasons discussed below
1. Name
2. Location
3. Classification
Category
Ownership
Status
Present Use
Public Acquisition
Accessible
4. Owner of Property
5. Location of Legal Description
6. Representation in Existing Surveys
Has this property been determined eligible?
yes
no
7. Description
Condition
Check one
Check one
excellent
deteriorated
unaltered
original site
good
ruins
altered
moved
date
fair
unexposed
Describe the present and original (if known) physical appearance
summary paragraph
completeness
clarity
alterations/integrity
dates
boundary selection
8. Significance
Period
Areas of Significance-Check and justify below
Specific dates
Builder/Architect
Statement of Significance (in one paragraph)
summary paragraph
The initial significance of the Apollo Theatre is its historical
completeness
associations with the emergence of Harlem in the 1930s as a black
clarity
cultural mecca. The direct role the theater played in the literary,
applicable criteria
artistic and cultural lives of black Americans has not been discussed
justification of areas checked
at a national level of significance. In addition, events after 1935
relating significance to the resource
were not demonstrated to be exceptionally significant and lack
context
both geographic and thematic context. In this case the nomination
relationship of integrity to significance
was acceptable for its obvious local significance, but it did
justification of exception
not do justice to the resource.
other
9. Major Bibliographical References
10. Geographical Data
Acreage of nominated property
Quadrangle name
UTM References
Verbal boundary description and justification
11. Form Prepared By
12. State Historic Preservation Officer Certification
The evaluated significance of this property within the state is:
national
state
local
State Historic Preservation Officer signature
title
date
13. Other
Maps
Photographs
Other
Questions concerning this nomination may be directed to
Signed
Date
Phone:
Comments for any item may be continued on an attached sheet
STUDIO
APOLLO
WBLS CTV
REPAIRS
TELEVISION STUDIOS
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
LORD'S
FOR RENT
Mens fashions
IVE
REPAIRS
BrownSugar
WHILI UWALT REPAIRS
RESTAURANT
I
NEW YORK
LANDMARKS
Apollo
Theatre
Apollo Theater
CONSERVANCY
253 West 125th Street
New York, New York County, N.Y.
photo 1
Photographer: Carl Forester
Date Taken: October 1981
Negative filed at: New York City
Landmarks Preservation Commission
View looking north along W. 125th St.
New York Landmarks Conservancy
Broadway
330 W. 442nd Street
York New York 10004
4085
New Yookk, New Wookk 100056
ANY
YORK NEW
LANDMARKS
Apollo Theatre
253 West 125th Street
CONSERVANCY
New York, New York County, N.Y.
photo 2
Photographer: Carl Forester
Date Taken: October 1981
Negative filed at: New York City
Landmarks Preservation Commission
Interior view of stage, looking east
New York Landmarks Conservancy
330 West® 42nd Street
330 W. 42nd Street
New York, New York 10036v York, New York 10036
212-736-7575
212-736-7575
UT
L
NEW YORK
Apollo Theater
LANDMARKS
253 West 125th Street
CONSERVANCY
New York, New York County, N.Y.
photo 3
Photographer: Carl Forester
Date Taken: October 1981
Negative filed at: New York City
Landmarks Preservation Commission
Side boxes
New York Landmarks Conservancy
Broadway
330 W. 42nd Street
York, New York 10004 New York, New York 10036
212-426-4085. 212-736-7575
UNITED STATES
X
CENTRAL PARK QUADRANGLE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NEW YORK-NEW JERSEY
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
7.5 MINUTE SERIES (TOPOGRAPHIC)
74°,00'
ISADES.
585000m.E
YONKERS
HALL)
SW/4 HARLEM 15' QUADRANGLE
586
TE
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57'30"
588
40°52'30"
(YONKERS)
590
591
55
593
2030000 FEET (N.Y.)
73°52'30"
40°52'30"
4525000m.N
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4525
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Bedford
Cliffs
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NEW
740 000
LEONIA
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4524
L
AS
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4523
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PS
Playg
B
0
N
Club
4521
Bridge
95
.
50'
4
Monroe
Apollo Theater
253 West 125th Street
New York County, New York
UTM Reference:
dgewater
Central Park Quad
4520
All Zone 18
Seb
Easting
588550
Northing 4517990
CLIFFSIDE PARK
NEW
H90
M
H
4519
FAIRVIEW
Bronx
Fire Sta
Sch
Park
EDGE
Girlst
Monastery
WE
Hunts Point
FLUS
(FLUSHING)
6265
4518
Sewage
Disposal
Port
North Brother
Light
4517
Bron:
Barretto
FERRY
Hunts
4517
Harlem
Randalls
Island
Stony
Pt
V
PARK
Brother
4516
ME
47'30"
Leight
Lawrence
47'30"
Point
4516
ISLAND
GUTTENBERG
NEW YORK
RESERVOIR
THE
IN
BRONX
CO
02
RIKE
TORA
Hayden
CHANNEL
Substation
4515
Light
Gate
Historical
I
Light
Tidal Flat _
Hell
Hallets
Pot
Bowery
Bay
LA GUARD
Doctors
GEN
E
AIRPORT
200 000
190
Steinway
(N.
Com
ark
Ai
erminal
TUNNEL
4
Halles
Cove
#Fire
North
APS 83
4513
EME
#
U
E
N
S
OF
T
YORK
PS151
Heights
WEST
Long
4512000m.N
THE
700 000 FEET
(N.J.)
NATION
40°45'
74°00'
HOLLAND
TUNNEL
2010 000
FEET
(N
Y.)
57'30
589
(BROOKL
MIDTOWN
7.7
591
55'
2210000
FEE
593
40°45'
6265
Mapped edited and published by the Geological Survey
BRIDGE
594000m.E.
73°52'30"
GERREY CITY
SCALE 1:24000
Revised in cooperation with New York
MILE
Department of Transportation
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 FEET
Control by USGS, USC&GS, and New Jersey Geodetic Survey
Heavy duty
Light-duty
KILOMETER
Planimetry by photogrammetric methods and from USC&GS Charts T-4567,
Medium-duty
Unimproved dirt
T-5089 T-5264, T-5278, T-5448, T-5449, T-5451, T-5452, T-5453, T-5458,
213 MILS
CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET
12 MILS
and T-5778. Topography by photogrammetric methods from aerial photographs
NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929
Interstate Route
U.S. Route
State Route
taken 1954 and planetable surveys 1956
DEPTH CURVES AND SOUNDINGS IN IS MEAN LOW WATER
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DATUMS IS VARIABLE
NEW YORK
Revised from aerial photographs taken 1966. Field checked 1966
UTM GRID AND 1979 NORTH
SHORELINE SHOWN REPRESENTS THE APPROXMATE LINE OF MEAN HIGH WATER
Selected hydrographic data compiled from USC&GS Charts 226, 274, 745,
DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
THE AVERAGE RANGE OF TIDE APPROXIMATELY FEET
CENTRAL PARK, N.Y.-N.J.
4 FEET IN THE HUDSON RIVER AND 5. FEET IN THF EAST RIVER
746, and 74 (1966). This information s'not intended for navigational purposes
QUADRANGLE LOCATION
SW/4 HARLEM 15' QUADRANOLE
Polyconic projection. 1927 North American datum
THIS MAP COMPLIES WITH NATIONAL MAP ACCURAGY STANDARDS
Revisions shown in purple compiled from aerial photographs
N4045-W7352.5/7.5
10,000 foot grids based on New York coordinate system, Long Island zone,
FOR SALE BY U. GEOLOGICAL SURIEY RESTON, VIRGINIA 22092
taken 1977 and other source data This information
and New Jersey coordinate system
A FOLDER DESCRIBING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND SYMBOLS IS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST
1966
not field checked. Map edited 1979
PHOTOREVISED 1979
1000 meter Universal Transverse Mercator grid zone 18, shown in blue
There may be private inholdings within the boundaries of
AMS 6265 IV SW-SERIES V821
Red tint indicates areas in which only landmark buildings are shown
the National or State reservations shown